Egypt is home to numerous ancient monuments, like the pyramids and Sphinx at Giza.

Upper Egypt is the strip of land on both sides of the Nile that extends between Nubia and downriver to Lower Egypt.

The Khedivate of Egypt was a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire.

The Sultanate of Egypt was a British protectorate with nominal autonomy.

The Mamluk Sultanate was a medieval realm spanning modern-day Egypt, the Levant and Hejaz.

Israel is a small country in the Middle Eastern region known for its diverse culture and rich history.

The State of Palestine encompasses the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Jordan is a country located on the east bank of Jordan River in the Middle East.

Cyprus is the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean.