Rocca Estense, 14th century fortress in San Felice sul Panaro, Italy.
Rocca Estense is a fortress from the 14th century with a quadrilateral layout defended by three angular towers topped with battlements. The tall mastio tower at the southeast corner dominates the structure and serves as its main strongpoint.
Construction began in 1340 under Marquis Obizzo III d'Este and underwent major renovation by military engineer Bartolino da Novara in 1412. This redesign transformed it into one of the most advanced fortifications of its era.
The ground floor prison walls contain preserved graffiti scratched by prisoners, showing names and thoughts left behind. These marks connect visitors to the people who were held here, adding a human dimension to the stone.
The fortress stands at Via Augusto Modena 17 and is currently undergoing restoration work due to damage from the 2012 earthquake. Check ahead to see which areas are open for viewing before your visit.
The topmost room of the mastio displays Renaissance frescoes showing the white eagle of the Este family against a blue background. These painted decorations rank among the finest surviving artistic elements within the fortress.
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