Vitebsk Museum of Modern Art, Art museum in Vitebsk, Belarus.

The Vitebsk Museum of Modern Art was a museum organized from 1918 in the building of the People's Art School at 10 Bukharin Street, Vitebsk. Its collection grew to about 120 paintings, from academic realism and impressionism to suprematism, shown in one hall and later three rooms. It closed in the mid-1920s.

The museum grew out of a project Marc Chagall took to Petrograd in September 1918 for official approval; from November 1918 it was organised in the People's Art School at 10 Bukharin Street, where a separate School Museum opened on 8 July 1919. Alexander Romm, appointed head of the Vitebsk heritage commission on 15 January 1920, gave the collection its modern-art focus. It opened to the public in July 1920, and in 1925 the surviving 32 paintings went to the Vitebsk Regional Museum.

The museum's name shifted in documents and the press: "city art museum", "provincial museum at the People's Art School", "museum of Russian art under Chagall". Chagall had no strict concept of a modern art museum; he wanted a centre in his native city to bring the masses to culture. Alongside it, a School Museum opened on 8 July 1919 for pupils' best works.

The museum no longer exists as a public venue: it was housed in the People's Art School at 10 Bukharin Street and closed in the mid-1920s. Its surviving 32 works went to the Vitebsk Regional Museum on 26 September 1925, and most reached Minsk in 1939. To see what remains, look for the collections of the Belarusian National Arts Museum and the State Russian Museum.

After World War II only one work from the museum remained in Vitebsk: a small still life by David Shterenberg. Of the rest, the whereabouts of just 25 paintings are known — 19 in the State Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg, four in the Belarusian National Arts Museum in Minsk and one in the Kawamura Museum of Modern Art in Japan.