Heunischenburg, Archaeological site in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany
Heunischenburg is an archaeological site perched on a 486-meter hill spur of the Wolfsberg, located between Kronach and Burgstall in Bavaria. The fortification spreads across the natural elevation with steep slopes protecting much of its perimeter.
Excavations between 1983 and 1987 revealed that this stone fortification dates to the 9th century BC, making it the oldest researched castle north of the Alps. The site was part of early fortification traditions in central Europe.
The site displays construction elements that recall Mediterranean cultures, particularly in how the gate and sally port were designed. Such details suggest connections to distant trading peoples.
Several hiking trails crisscross the area around the fortification, including the four copper beech loop and the Gehülzer illuminated cross loop. Visitors can explore on foot with well-maintained paths throughout the surrounding landscape.
The fortification protected a strategic copper and tin trade route through a 110-meter-long rampart on its eastern flank. This defense was critical for controlling commerce in these valuable metals across the ancient world.
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