Osservatorio Ximeniano, Astronomical observatory and technology museum near Basilica San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy.

The Osservatorio Ximeniano is a research institute for meteorology and geophysics on the top floor of the former Collegio degli Scolopi, part of the San Giovannino convent in Florence, entered from Borgo San Lorenzo 26. It incorporates the Torre dei Rondinelli, whose top carries the observatory dome visible across the city. Inside are two specialised libraries, an ancient and a modern one, and historic collections of astronomical, meteorological and seismological instruments.

The observatory was founded in 1756 by Leonardo Ximenes, a Jesuit scholar who built it as a center for astronomical study. When the Jesuit order was dissolved in 1773, the Scolopi fathers took over and shifted the focus toward meteorology and seismology.

The name of the observatory honors Leonardo Ximenes, a Jesuit scholar who brought scientific research to Florence. Visitors today can walk through rooms filled with historic instruments that still look like a working research center from centuries past.

The observatory is inside a convent building in the center of Florence and can be reached on foot from most of the city's main sights. It is worth contacting them in advance, as access to certain areas like the library may require prior arrangement.

Among the exhibits is an early internal combustion engine model by Italian inventors Barsanti and Matteucci, not the kind of object most visitors expect to find in an observatory. Next to this technical piece hang paintings by artists such as Bizzelli and Ligozzi, giving the rooms an unexpected mix of science and fine art.