Chelyabinsk railway museum, Railway transport museum in Chelyabinsk, Russia.

The Chelyabinsk railway museum is a collection of locomotives, carriages, and machinery from different periods of Russian rail history. The exhibits are displayed both indoors and outdoors, ranging from early steam engines to later diesel locomotives.

The history museum of the South Ural Railway opened on 7 December 1973 in the Railway Workers' Palace of Culture. It moved to 63 Tsvillinga Street in 2004 and since 2020 occupies a new building at 11 Zheleznodorozhnaya Street as the Centre of Historical Heritage of the South Ural Railway. The open-air rolling stock museum at Chelyabinsk-Glavny station was founded on 9 May 2005.

The exhibits show how railways made it possible to travel across vast distances and connected towns throughout the region. These connections shaped daily life for people and enabled trade and settlement growth across the Urals.

The open-air rolling stock display sits by Chelyabinsk-Glavny station near the Kolyushchenko plant, on track 19, now called the "19th dead end". Exhibits stand on two tracks: steam locomotives on one, electric locomotives on the other. The indoor history museum is separate, at 11 Zheleznodorozhnaya Street since 2020.

Many of the locomotives on display actually operated on regional routes and show the real technical demands of running trains in Soviet times. The collection preserves not just machines but gives insight into the practical challenges that rail operators faced.