Main building of National Museum in Prague, Renaissance Revival museum at Wenceslas Square, Czech Republic

The main building of the National Museum in Prague is a monumental neo-Renaissance palace closing the upper end of Wenceslas Square, built in 1891 to Josef Schulz's design. Its pale facade has a rusticated lower level, a long colonnade of paired columns with statues and reliefs, and two green domes, the larger one with a lantern. A projecting portico with a triangular pediment faces outward at the right.

The collections were first gathered in 1818 at the Minorite Monastery of St. James; the Sternberg Palace became the first permanent home in 1819, followed by the Nostitz Palace in 1846. In 1876 the city donated a plot at the upper end of Wenceslas Square, where the Horse Gate was being demolished. Josef Schulz won the 1883 competition with a design centred on the Pantheon; construction began on 27 June 1885 and the building opened on 18 May 1891.

The central Pantheon hall was designed as the heart of the building, and its sculptural decoration was made by artists of the National Theatre generation, including Bohuslav Schnirch, Antonín Wagner and Antonín Popp, with paintings by Vojtěch Hynais, Václav Brožík and Julius Mařák between 1885 and 1901. The building's idea was formulated as "a museum as a temple of science and art".

The main building stands at the top of Wenceslas Square; the metro station Muzeum (line A) has its vestibule right beside it, and the reconstruction of that vestibule in the 1970s damaged the building's western tower. The entrance faces the square, while the piazzetta called Muzejní oáza links it to the former Federal Assembly building. The viewing tower above the Pantheon has been open since February 2019.

The two rear domes were gilded only during the 2011–2018 renovation; lack of money had left them unpainted in gold before. The dome above the Pantheon was first opened to visitors in February 2019 and serves as a viewing point over Prague.