Qal’at al Bahrain, Archaeological fortress in Manama, Bahrain

Qal'at al Bahrain is an archaeological site near Manama where excavations have revealed multiple layers of ancient settlements piled on top of each other. The exposed sections show structures, tools, and remains from different periods of occupation.

Occupation began around 2300 BC and continued to the 18th century, leaving seven stratified layers. The site was the capital of the Dilmun civilization. Local Arab rulers built the present fort in the 14th century; the Portuguese, who held Bahrain from 1521 to 1602, added four square towers and a commander's residence.

The site reflects connections between distant civilizations through objects left behind by traders and settlers who passed through. Visitors can observe how people from across the ancient world interacted in this strategic location.

The site is open to visitors with clear pathways and labeled areas that help you navigate the different sections and layers. Wear comfortable shoes and bring sun protection, as much of the experience involves walking through exposed outdoor areas.

The 12-metre mound is a tell, an artificial hill raised by successive building layers, not a natural formation. Its seven strata record occupants from about 2300 BC to the 18th century, among them Kassites, Greeks, Portuguese and Persians. Excavation began in 1954 under Geoffrey Bibby's Danish expedition.