Mittelalterliches Kriminalmuseum Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Legal history museum in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany

The Mittelalterliches Kriminalmuseum, also known as the Medieval Crime Museum, is a museum in the old town of Rothenburg ob der Tauber, focused on the history of criminal law and legal practice in German-speaking Europe. It occupies several floors of an old building and displays original objects such as court records, punishment devices, and execution tools, all accompanied by explanatory texts.

The collection began with publisher and archivist Rudolf Hermann Albrecht's private holdings, shown as the "Rothenburger Folterkammer" in the Burghotel tower. Artists Ernst Paul and Marta Hinckeldey took it over in 1920, and their son Christoph expanded it from the 1950s. In 1977 it moved to the former Johanniterkomturei in Burggasse, built 1393–1410 and remodelled in Baroque style in 1718.

The permanent tour follows the stages of a criminal case, from investigation and evidence to torture and execution, with themed sections on executioners, robbers, witches, church courts, seals, honour punishments and marriage law. The building is the former Johanniterkomturei, erected 1393–1410 and rebuilt in Baroque style in 1718; the adjoining Johanniterscheune, restored 1994–1996, holds temporary exhibitions, a cafeteria and a shop.

The museum is in the heart of the old town and easy to reach on foot from most parts of Rothenburg ob der Tauber. Plan for at least a couple of hours, since each room has a lot of text to read and many objects to look at closely.

A 2020–2021 special exhibition, "Hund und Katz – Wolf und Spatz", examined animal trials and animal punishments: wolves and pigs tried in formal murder proceedings, excommunicated dolphins and locusts, and bounties paid for sparrows and mice. It also covered animals' role in executions and included sections on farm animals, witches' familiars, fable animals and heraldic beasts.