Tongariro Alpine Crossing, Hiking trail in Tongariro National Park, New Zealand
The route traverses the central volcanic peaks of Tongariro National Park, gaining over 2500 feet (760 meters) in elevation. The path passes through multiple climate zones, from tussock grasslands to alpine desert and active thermal areas with sulfur vents. Hikers move past the Te Maari Crater before ascending to Red Crater, the highest point at 6188 feet (1886 meters).
Paramount Chief Te Heuheu Tukino IV gifted the three volcanoes to the Crown in 1887 to protect them from European settlement. The track was originally used by Māori as a travel route before being formalized for recreational hikers during the 1970s. A major Te Maari Crater eruption in 2012 temporarily closed the path and led to enhanced monitoring systems.
The region is classified as tapu (sacred) to Māori, connected to ancestral spirits and spiritual forces. Local iwi co-manage the track with the Department of Conservation and ask visitors to respect the religious importance of the volcanoes by refraining from eating or relieving themselves on the summits.
The 19.4-kilometer track typically requires six to eight hours. Shuttle buses operate daily between the Mangatepopo start point and Ketetahi end point from October through May. Weather changes frequently; hikers should carry warm waterproof clothing, sufficient water and sun protection. Bookings are required during peak season, and a parking fee applies. Toilets are available only at the endpoints.
The two Emerald Lakes below Red Crater derive their bright turquoise hues from minerals leached from surrounding thermal vents. Nearby lies Blue Lake (Rotopounamu), which is sacred to Māori and where swimming or water collection is strictly prohibited. On clear days, both Mount Taranaki to the west and Mount Ruapehu are visible from several points along the route.
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