Palmanova Fortress, Star-shaped fortress in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy.
Palmanova Fortress is a star-shaped defensive structure in Friuli-Venezia Giulia with nine angular bastions connected by protective walls arranged in a geometric pattern with three monumental entrance gates. Deep moats surround the entire layout, highlighting its Renaissance military design.
The Venetian Republic founded the fortress in 1593 to strengthen its northeastern border and resist enemy attacks. Between 1806 and 1813, additional fortifications were added during French control.
The main square holds a cathedral completed in the early 1600s with an unusually short bell tower, intentionally designed this way to avoid interfering with military sightlines. This choice shows how civil buildings were shaped by military needs.
Visitors can walk daily on the ramparts, examine the bastions, and learn about Renaissance military architecture. Early morning is best when crowds are smaller and pathways are easier to navigate.
The entire city follows a precise star-shaped plan with streets radiating from the center, creating equal distances between all defensive positions. This thoughtful layout makes it a rare example of geometric military planning that remains visible today.
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