Rocca dei Borgia, Medieval fortress in Nepi, Italy
Rocca dei Borgia is a fortress in Nepi featuring four cylindrical towers and defensive walls with polygonal bastions that protect the central residential structure from all sides. The complex spans three levels, from the foundations to the main tower, revealing how military and residential functions were organized within its walls.
The fortress was built as a medieval military structure and in 1499 Pope Alexander VI gave it to his daughter Lucrezia Borgia, who oversaw renovations to transform it into a palace. This change marked a shift from a purely defensive stronghold to an aristocratic residence.
The fortress displays different architectural layers, from Roman elements to Renaissance details visible in the walls and passages. Visitors can see how these periods blend together as they move through the rooms and courtyards.
The site opens to visitors on weekends with seasonal schedules and offers guided tours through its spaces. It is helpful to check opening days in advance and wear comfortable shoes, as climbing through the three levels and towers requires some physical effort.
The design comes from Antonio da Sangallo the Elder and combines military fortification techniques with elements for comfortable living spaces in a rare example from that era. The arrangement with service areas on the ground floor and noble quarters above shows a clear separation between functional and ceremonial zones.
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