Convent of Mount Carmel, Colonial monastery in Centro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The Convent of Mount Carmel is a former Carmelite convent begun in 1619 on land next to the Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Ó in central Rio de Janeiro. It was one of the largest buildings of the colonial city but never had a cloister, unlike traditional convent models. Its first two floors have widely spaced windows; the third floor, added in the second half of the 18th century, has windows with curved upper arches. The rear facade carries a series of buttresses.

Carmelite friar Pedro Viana arrived in Rio in 1589 and received the Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Ó; the convent itself was built from 1619 on adjoining land. In 1808 the building was confiscated for Queen Maria I, who lived there until her death in 1816, and the Royal Library's books, installed on the grounds in 1810, became the core of Brazil's National Library. The church served as Royal Chapel and Cathedral, and from 1840 to 1896 the convent housed the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute.

The convent's church became the Royal Chapel and Cathedral after the Portuguese court arrived in 1808. Since 2023 the Sesc RJ network runs a 54-seat bistro in the building, alongside rooms used for cultural events, while the PGE-RJ cultural centre holds art exhibitions and keeps its own libraries and a memory space there.

The convent is located at Praça XV in downtown Rio de Janeiro and is easily accessible by public transportation and on foot. The historic district around it offers multiple ways to explore the building and nearby sites in a single walking route.

The convent never had a cloister, unlike traditional monastic models. Its first two floors, with widely spaced windows, are the oldest part; the third floor was added in the second half of the 18th century and has windows with curved upper arches. The rear facade carries a series of buttresses, probably built when the passage to the Paço Imperial was made.