Bahal temple

Bahal is a Buddhist temple complex in Padang Bolak, North Sumatra, Indonesia, consisting of three separate structures. The buildings rise from red brick and sandstone, surrounded by thick walls that enclose the entire site.

The temples were built between the 11th and 13th centuries during the Pannai Kingdom and served as a religious center along the trade route. European explorers came across the ruins in the 19th century, overgrown by dense jungle.

The name comes from Bahal village and was adopted after rediscovery, though locals still refer to the site as Biaro today. This term points to the earlier use as a monastery where monks lived and taught.

The complex sits about 400 kilometers (250 miles) south of Medan in a remote area and requires good planning for the journey. Because of weather and road conditions, visiting during the dry season between April and October is advisable.

The temples belong to the Vajrayana tradition of Buddhism, which is rarely known in the West and incorporates tantric practices. Carvings on the walls show influences from Nepal and Sri Lanka, pointing to far-reaching connections across the Indian Ocean.