Yapahuwa, Ancient citadel in North Western Province, Sri Lanka
Yapahuwa is a fortified complex built on a granite rock formation in the North Western Province that rises approximately 100 meters above the surrounding terrain. The site contains ruins of palaces, temples, and administrative buildings arranged around the central rock, with remains of defensive walls and passages still visible today.
The site was established between 1273 and 1284 by King Bhuvenakabahu I as a royal capital and housed the Sacred Tooth Relic within its walls. Political power eventually shifted to other regions, and the fortress was gradually abandoned, though its religious importance lingered for centuries.
The carved stone staircase displays lions, dwarfs, and elephants, showing the craftsmanship of medieval builders in the region. These figures once guided pilgrims and officials climbing to the upper sanctuary during religious ceremonies and royal visits.
Reaching the top requires climbing a steep stone staircase with uneven steps, so wear comfortable shoes and go at your own pace. An on-site museum displays archaeological finds including ceramics, coins, and stone objects uncovered during past excavations at the fortress.
The fortress featured two concentric defensive walls with moats creating layered protection around the central rock. This double-wall system was uncommon among medieval Sri Lankan fortresses and provided exceptional security for the holy relic and royal treasures stored within.
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