St Cosmas and St Damian Church, Eastern Orthodox church in Tverskoy District, Moscow, Russia

St Cosmas and St Damian Church stands in Staropansky Lane, Kitay-gorod, Moscow. Its oldest part is the altar of the 1564 stone Cosmas and Damian church, a two-light quadrangle once crowned by five domes. The north aisle of the Dormition was added in 1640; the refectory and bell tower date from the 1803 classicist rebuilding. The bell tower and refectory were demolished in the 1930s, and the north aisle was rebuilt in 2000–2001 to Dmitry Sukhov's 1920s design.

A wooden church was built here in 1462 at the crossing of roads leading to Borovitsky Hill. It burned in 1564 and was replaced by a stone church with five domes; tradition holds that Ivan the Terrible married Vasilisa Melentyeva there. In 1640 the Dormition chapel was added, and in 1803 the building was rebuilt in Neoclassical style with a new refectory and bell tower. Closed in the Soviet period and disfigured in 1931, it was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church in 1995.

The name comes from the Old Pany tract, where a Polish diplomatic mission stood from 1508, and from the patriarch's singers' settlement beside it. The main altar honours the martyr twins Cosmas and Damian; a north chapel added in 1640 is dedicated to the Dormition, giving the church its second name, Dormition in the Old Singers' Quarter. Legend holds that Ivan the Terrible married his sixth wife, Vasilisa Melentyeva, here.

The church stands in Staropansky Lane, not Stoleshnikov Lane, in Kitay-gorod. The northern side chapel facing the lane was rebuilt in 2000–2001 to Dmitry Sukhov's 1926–1927 restoration design, after the bell tower and refectory were demolished for the Prombank building. Regular services are held; the entrance is from the lane side.

The church's oldest part is the altar of the Cosmas and Damian side, already mentioned in records under 1468; above it was the space of the St John Chrysostom chapel, abolished in 1878. Before the revolution Staropansky Lane was called Kosmodamianovsky after this church.