Valles Caldera, Complex volcano in north-central New Mexico, United States
Valles Caldera is a large volcanic depression in north-central New Mexico, shaped like a broad basin with grassy valleys and several smaller volcanic cones scattered across its floor. Hot springs and streams flow through the low areas, while the surrounding slopes are forested and the higher plains are open grassland.
This caldera formed about 1 million years ago when a massive volcanic eruption ejected vast amounts of rock and ash, causing the ground beneath to collapse. Erosion and natural forces have shaped the landscape continuously since that time.
Native American groups found this place valuable for thousands of years, gathering obsidian to make tools and weapons for daily life. The landscape still shows signs of their long presence in the region.
You can hike, bike, or ride horses on trails of varying difficulty that run through the preserve. The high elevation and open areas mean weather can change quickly, so bring layers and plan your visit accordingly.
Temperature differences between the valley floor and higher elevations can exceed 30 degrees on some days, creating distinct climate zones in a small area. These variations allow diverse plants and animals to thrive in different microclimates within the same place.
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