Cottonera Lines, 17th century fortification in Bormla, Malta
The Cottonera Lines is a 17th century fortification that stretches over three kilometers with eight pentagonal bastions and two demi-bastions connected by curtain walls and seven gates. The system links multiple defensive passages and creates a unified protective structure.
Construction of this fortification began in 1670 under the Knights of St John to protect the Grand Harbour and the cities of Bormla, Birgu, and Senglea. The project marked a major phase in Malta's military development.
The gateways show Baroque features that reflect the military engineering skill practiced in the Mediterranean during the Knights' rule. The design of these passages tells of the craftsmanship of that period.
This site is large and takes time to explore, so visitors should wear comfortable shoes and bring plenty of water. The pathways can be uneven, so good footwear is important.
The British later modified the structure by adding St Clements Retrenchment to create smaller and more manageable defensive zones within the large complex. This change shows how defensive strategies adapted over time.
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