Main Choral Synagogue, Rostov-on-Don, Jewish worship center in Rostov-on-Don, Russia

The Main Choral Synagogue is a former two-story synagogue at 70 Baumana Street in Rostov-on-Don, completed in 1868. Its facade was substantially altered after 1935: old window openings were enlarged, new ones added, and much of the stucco decoration destroyed. The prayer hall was lost in the interior redevelopment, and the building now houses a skin and venereal diseases dispensary.

The first wooden synagogue on this site was built in 1855; a brick prayer house of 1863 proved fragile and was demolished in 1866. The two-story synagogue, attributed to senior city architect Sovitsky, opened on 30 August 1868, funded by 16,342 rubles collected under Rabbi Fabian Gnesin, father of composer Mikhail Gnessin. Nationalized in 1935, it was rebuilt as a skin and venereal hospital, with the prayer hall lost and the facades altered.

The synagogue housed a Jewish library and reading room from 1903 and a Talmud-Torah school, making it a religious and educational complex. The last rabbi before the 1917 Revolution was Z. M. Goldenberg. Since 1935 the building has housed a skin and venereal diseases dispensary, and in 2016 the Rostov region government decided to return it to the Jewish community.

The former synagogue stands at 70 Baumana Street, in the city centre. It now houses a skin and venereal diseases dispensary, so the building is not open to visitors as a synagogue; entry follows the dispensary's own rules. The façades are best seen from the street, where the enlarged windows and lost stucco decoration show how much the 1935 rebuilding changed the building.

The building has housed a skin and venereal diseases dispensary since 1935, when the synagogue was nationalized and the prayer hall demolished. In 2016 the Rostov region government decided to return the building to the city's Jewish community, though it still operates as a hospital.