Murmansk, Arctic port city in northwestern Russia.
Murmansk is a seaport on the eastern shore of the Kola Bay, offering year-round ice-free access to the Arctic Ocean. Buildings stand scattered across rocky terrain overlooking the dark water, and vessels occupy the docks along the harbor.
The Russian Empire founded this port in 1916 during World War I as a strategic northern base. During World War II, the city served as an entry point for Allied supply convoys carrying weapons and materials into Russia.
The center fills with locals walking along the waterfront during the long summer daylight and retreating to warm cafes when the polar night arrives. Fishermen bring in fresh catches at the harbor, and market stalls sell smoked fish and regional products that reflect the northern diet.
The main railway station connects the city to Saint Petersburg and Moscow through long-distance train services. The airport sits outside the center and offers connections to other Russian cities and occasional international routes.
The location above the Arctic Circle brings roughly 40 days without sunrise in winter and around 60 days of continuous daylight in summer. During the polar night, the sky stays only dimly lit at midday, and streetlights remain on throughout.
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