Gaza synagogue, Archaeological site of synagogue in Gaza City, Palestine.

The Gaza synagogue was a basilica-style synagogue measuring 26 by 23 metres, with a nearly square plan aligned east–west and three entrances. Inside, a central nave was flanked by two aisles on each side, all paved with mosaics. The mosaic floor, dated 508–509, included a panel of King David playing a lyre, labelled in Hebrew.

Egyptian archaeologists discovered the ruins in 1965, first mistaking it for a church before Hebrew inscriptions revealed its true nature as a synagogue. The structure was built in the early 6th century and reflects the cultural exchange between Jewish and Byzantine worlds during that era.

The best-known mosaic panel names David in Hebrew letters above a haloed figure in imperial dress playing a lyre, with wild animals listening in front of him. Michael Avi-Yonah read the seated musician as King David in the pose of Orpheus, and Marc Philonenko compared the composition to a mosaic of Orpheus at Dura-Europos. The central Greek inscription records the donors Menahem and Yeshua, sons of the late Yishay, wood merchants, who gave the pavement in the month of Luos, year 569.

The site in Gaza's Rimal district is closed and not accessible to visitors. The mosaic floor was removed: the David panel is kept at the Israel Museum, while mosaics from the synagogue are displayed near the entrance of the Museum of the Good Samaritan, opened in 2009 near Ma'ale Adumim in the West Bank. A replica of the David mosaic is also shown at the Nitzan center commemorating Gush Katif.

The mosaic's central inscription names the donors as Menahem and Yeshua, sons of the late Yishay, wood merchants, who gave the pavement in the month of Luos, year 569 of the local Jewish era, about July–August 508. The same text calls the building "the most holy site".