Penataran, Hindu temple complex in Blitar, Indonesia
Penataran is a Hindu temple complex in Blitar, East Java, whose layout spans three terraced courtyards and includes several buildings made of volcanic stone. The walls and plinths carry stone reliefs depicting stories and figures, while open pavilions and shrines connect the different levels.
Construction began in 1194 under King Srnga, and over two centuries successive rulers added new buildings and decorations until the Majapahit kingdom ended in the 15th century. The complex served as a royal sanctuary and a place for ceremonies that reinforced the connection between rulers and gods.
The main hall is called the Naga Temple because two large snake figures flank its staircase and point to the connection with Javanese mythology. These snakes are still touched today by visitors seeking luck and protection, a custom that has persisted across generations.
The complex is open from sunrise to sunset, and early morning offers cooler temperatures and fewer crowds for taking photographs. A sun hat and sturdy shoes are recommended, as the paths between courtyards can be uneven and shade is limited.
The complex sits on the southwestern slopes of Mount Kelud at around 450 meters above sea level, and this location makes it the largest Hindu temple site in East Java. Despite several volcanic eruptions nearby, the main stone structures have survived across centuries, demonstrating the resilience of the construction.
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