Baths of Trajan, Ancient Roman thermal complex in Colle Oppio, Italy
The Baths of Trajan are a Roman thermal complex on Colle Oppio that covered six hectares with central bathing halls at its core. The structure follows a symmetrical layout with porticoed wings and side rooms used for socializing and physical exercise.
Emperor Trajan commissioned architect Apollodorus of Damascus to design this facility, which opened in 109 CE. The complex set a new standard for later imperial baths and remained in operation until the fourth century.
The two libraries reflected how educated Romans valued both Greek and Latin texts equally in their daily lives. Readers could relax after bathing and choose scrolls from wall niches while discussing literature in separate reading rooms.
The design takes advantage of the hill slope and allows visitors to enter the site from several different levels. The southwest orientation ensured that warm water areas received maximum sunlight throughout the day.
The monumental curved entrance hall with multiple floors now connects the ancient baths to underground access for the Domus Aurea below. Parts of the basement and service corridors remain and show the technical infrastructure for water supply and heating.
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