Somalia, Federal republic in East Africa
Somalia is a federal republic in East Africa with a coastline of 3,333 kilometers along the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, the longest continuous shore on the African mainland. The terrain includes southern plains with sandy soil and northern rocky highlands that rise toward the interior.
Ancient traders from this region conducted commerce with Egypt during the second millennium before Christ, transporting frankincense and myrrh across the sea. Several Islamic sultanates emerged along the coast from the 10th century onward and controlled trade between the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
Most people speak Somali, a language with flowing vowels and a rich tradition of oral poetry that can be heard daily in gatherings and radio broadcasts. Tea is prepared everywhere following local custom with spices and served in small glasses, accompanied by conversation and hospitality.
Two rivers, the Jubba and Shabeelle, flow from Ethiopian highlands and provide water for farming in the southern fertile plains. Coastal areas remain warm throughout the year, while monsoon seasons affect travel conditions across the territory.
The northeastern area contains limestone mountains that reach 2,450 meters (8,038 feet) at Mount Shimbiris, with deep valleys carved into ancient rock formations exposing geological layers dating back millions of years. Erosion has created caves and overhangs where rare plant species adapted to dry conditions grow.
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