Golconda, Archaeological site in Hyderabad, India.
Golconda is a sprawling stone fortification atop a granite outcrop in Hyderabad, with over eighty bastions and eight massive gates connected by steep ramps. The complex spans several levels with royal palaces, mosques, armories, and water reservoirs distributed across the hilltop plateau.
The Kakatiya dynasty built a simple fortress here in the 12th century, which was later expanded by the Qutb Shahi rulers into a capital in the 16th century. Mughal emperor Aurangzeb captured the site after a months-long siege in 1687, ending Qutb Shahi rule.
The name comes from the Telugu words Golla Konda, meaning shepherd's hill. Visitors today still notice the yellow diamond market ruins inside the walls, where gemstones from nearby mines were once traded.
The climb to the upper levels takes about an hour over stone steps and ramps, and sturdy footwear is recommended. An early morning visit before 10 am avoids the midday heat and offers better views over the city.
An underground tunnel and chamber system connects different parts of the fortress and served as escape routes during sieges. The royal palaces used a cooling system with ceramic pipes that circulated water through the walls, keeping rooms cool in temperatures above 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit).
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