Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy

The subak system integrates a network of water temples and terraced rice fields covering 20,000 hectares across the volcanic slopes of Bali.

The irrigation method traces back to the 9th century, with the first written records appearing in the 11th century near the Besakih Temple.

Farmers coordinate their activities through regular paruman krama subak meetings where decisions about water distribution follow traditional practices and ceremonies.

Each independent subak group manages its water resources through a structured organization of members called krama subak under dedicated management known as prajuru.

The supreme water temple, Pura Ulun Danu Batur, serves as the central point where Balinese people believe all springs and rivers originate.

Location: Bali

GPS coordinates: -8.25917,115.40278

Latest update: March 2, 2025 22:48