Trabzon Castle, Byzantine defensive wall in Trabzon, Turkey.
Trabzon Castle is a Byzantine defensive fortification in the northern Anatolian city that spans multiple levels and shows construction from several periods. The structure divides into three sections: the Upper Town on a hill, the Middle Town with its gateways, and the Lower Town by the waterfront, where you can see Roman aqueducts, Byzantine towers, and later structures standing alongside one another.
The site was founded in ancient times under Roman rule and later significantly expanded during the Byzantine period. Over the following centuries until the 15th century, it underwent several transformations by different rulers who recognized its strategic importance for controlling the coastal region.
The fortress displays a mix of religious buildings from different faiths that reflect centuries of cultural change across the region. Walking through the site, you can see churches and mosques standing together, telling the story of how many peoples shaped this place over time.
The site is accessible on foot, with established pathways connecting the different levels and making exploration straightforward. Comfortable shoes are recommended since there is uphill walking involved, and the views over the city and sea reward the climb, especially from the highest sections.
The defensive walls incorporate two natural ravines formed by the Zagnos and Tabakhane rivers, using them as additional protective barriers. These natural features were crucial to the defense strategy and saved builders significant effort in constructing the fortifications.
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