Niuheliang, Neolithic archaeological site in Liaoning Province, China

Niuheliang is a Hongshan culture burial and sacrificial complex spread over about 50 square kilometres of hilltops between 550 and 680 metres above sea level, on the border of Chaoyang and Jianping County. Its centre is a subterranean Goddess Temple on a loam platform, with a stone altar supported by painted clay cylinders and six groups of cairns to the south and west. A north–south axis links the temple to the central peak of Zhushan, or Pig Mountain.

The site was discovered in 1983 and dates from 4700 to 2900 BC, when it served as a major center of the Hongshan culture. This era shows how societies in Northeast China were organized and what role ritual centers played in their lives.

The name Niuheliang refers to the site's setting between the Laoha and Yingjin rivers. Excavations revealed a clay female head with jade-inlaid eyes, which led Chinese archaeologists to call the temple the Goddess Temple. Jade boars and bears from the graves reflect animal symbolism also found in Northeast Asian worship, as noted by excavator Guo Dashun.

The site covers about 50 km² of hilltops between 550 and 680 m, so allow time to move between the temple, cairns and museum. Since 2014 the Niuheliang National Archaeological Park has opened around 8 km², including the Goddess Temple hall, the cairn-and-altar hall and the main museum. The excavated graves were mostly looted in antiquity, so the displays rely on what survived.

The clay figures found at Niuheliang were built over a core of wood and straw, and some reached three times human size. Excavators also recovered a clay female head with jade-inlaid eyes, which gave the subterranean building its name, the Goddess Temple.