Shahr-e Zuhak, Bamyan, Historic fortress in Bamyan Valley, Afghanistan

Shahr-e Zuhak, also called the Red City, is a ruined fortified settlement on a hill at the eastern end of Bamyan Valley, above the confluence of the Kunduz and Kalu Ganga rivers. Its ramparts follow the steep cliffs and include several watchtowers, some still standing. Inside, three further lines of walls protected a citadel at the topmost part of the hill.

The fortress was built between 500 and 600 AD under Hephthalite rule and was later reinforced by the Ghaznavid and Ghorid dynasties. Over several centuries, the site was continuously modified and expanded until it was eventually abandoned.

Local Hazara legends tell of a king named Zuhak who kept two snakes on his shoulders, said to be fed on human brains, and of a man who attacked the king and vanished in the valley near the palace. The ruins are also called the Red City for the colour of the surrounding cliffs and gorges.

The archaeological site lies roughly 40 km from Bamyan and is best explored with a local guide. The hilltop location and exposed cliffs demand caution when walking through the ruins.

The fortress was strategically positioned to overlook where two rivers converge below its walls. This control of water sources was vital for both defense and managing trade routes through the valley.