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Featured Article

How Frank Gehry turned titanium and steel into landmarks

By Jeff Pillou

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

Metal and steel reshape city skylines through Gehry's experimental designs.

Frank Gehry designs buildings with curved metal facades, irregular forms and experimental construction methods. His work defines urban spaces from Bilbao to Los Angeles. The exterior surfaces use titanium, steel or glass formed into wave-like or folded volumes. The interior spaces accommodate art collections, concert halls and commercial offices. The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao displays titanium panels that reflect the light of the Basque coast. The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles combines stainless steel surfaces with wooden acoustics for the Los Angeles Philharmonic. The Vitra Design Museum in Weil am Rhein demonstrates his early approaches with white stucco surfaces and angled walls. The buildings emerge through computer-aided design that translates complex geometries into buildable structures.

In this article

34 places to discover — Don't miss the last!

Dancing House
Dancing House

Prague, Czech Republic

The Dancing House in Prague is one of Frank Gehry's projects where curved glass and steel take the place of straight lines and flat walls. Gehry designed it together with Czech architect Vlado Milunić, and it was completed in the 1990s. The building has two towers side by side: one is a glass cylinder, the other is a concrete tower with windows placed at irregular angles. The way the two towers lean into each other gives the building the look of two figures dancing, which is how it got its name. Inside, there are offices, a rooftop restaurant, and a gallery. The building sits on the Vltava River embankment, at the corner of Rašínovo nábřeží and Jiráskovo náměstí.

Walt Disney Concert Hall
Walt Disney Concert Hall

Los Angeles, USA

The Walt Disney Concert Hall was completed in 2003 and serves as home to the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. The curved exterior surfaces of polished stainless steel define the downtown Los Angeles skyline. The main concert hall seats 2265 people and was designed according to acoustic principles based on designs by Yasuhisa Toyota. The interior spaces are clad in Douglas fir wood, which contributes to sound quality. The building also includes smaller performance spaces and public areas.

Vitra Design Museum
Vitra Design Museum

Weil am Rhein, Germany

The Vitra Design Museum was completed in 1989 as Frank Gehry's first building in Europe. It stands on the Vitra Campus in Weil am Rhein, a site where several architects have left their mark. The white facade with its curved forms and angled walls shows Gehry's early approach to rethinking geometry before he moved on to titanium and steel. Inside, rotating exhibitions cover furniture design and architecture, with objects ranging from the 19th century to the present day.

Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health
Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health

Las Vegas, USA

The Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health in Las Vegas is one of Frank Gehry's most recognizable works. It has two main parts: a plain rectangular section for clinical spaces and a sculptural tower of bent stainless steel and glass. The tower's facade twists and folds in every direction, as if the walls were caught mid-movement. The building opened in 2010 and serves neurological research and patient care.

MARTa Herford
MARTa Herford

Herford, Germany

MARTa Herford opened in 2005 and presents contemporary art and design. The building connects traditional red brick walls with a curved stainless steel roof and large glass surfaces. The architecture creates a dialogue between historical building fabric and modern elements. The asymmetrical forms and dynamic structure characterize this museum in the East Westphalian city.

Fondation Louis Vuitton
Fondation Louis Vuitton

Paris, France

The Fondation Louis Vuitton sits in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris and stands as one of Frank Gehry's most recognized works in Europe. Opened in 2014, the building features twelve curved glass sails rising above a white concrete core. Thousands of glass plates allow light to pass through the facade, changing the feel of the interior spaces throughout the day. The galleries, spread across several levels, display contemporary and modern art collections.

Hotel Marqués de Riscal
Hotel Marqués de Riscal

Elciego, Spain

The Hotel Marqués de Riscal rises above the historic wine cellars of the Rioja region. The curved titanium structures in red, silver, and gold form a contrast with the surrounding wine landscape. The building integrates a luxury hotel with spa facilities and a restaurant. The undulating metal facades reflect light and create changing visual effects throughout the day.

Weisman Art Museum
Weisman Art Museum

Minneapolis, USA

The Weisman Art Museum sits on the bank of the Mississippi River in Minneapolis and is one of Frank Gehry's early works in the United States. The facade is made of curved stainless steel panels that catch and shift the light at different hours of the day. The irregular forms of the building stand out against the university campus around it. Inside, the museum holds a collection of 20th-century American art.

Chiat/Day Building
Chiat/Day Building

California, USA

The Chiat/Day Building in Venice, Los Angeles, was completed in 1991 as an advertising agency headquarters. The facade displays a three-story concrete binocular sculpture designed by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen. This central sculpture forms the main entrance and connects two distinct office towers. The north tower features a smooth white surface, while the south tower is clad in copper-colored metal panels. The building now serves as an office complex and demonstrates Gehry's postmodern approach with playful elements and contrasting materials.

Museum of Pop Culture
Museum of Pop Culture

Seattle, USA

The Museum of Pop Culture is one of Frank Gehry's most recognized buildings in the US. Its facade is made of thousands of individually shaped metal panels in red and silver tones, curving in all directions like crumpled foil. Inside, the museum holds exhibitions on music history, science fiction and pop culture. The building sits at the base of the Space Needle in Seattle Center, and its shape draws the eye from every angle.

Der Neue Zollhof
Der Neue Zollhof

Düsseldorf, Germany

Der Neue Zollhof is an architectural ensemble of three buildings located on the Rhine riverfront in Düsseldorf's Media Harbour district. The structures are characterized by their curved facades, with each building featuring a different material: shiny metal, white plaster, and red brick. Frank Gehry designed this complex in the 1990s as part of the revitalization of the former harbour area. The three towers stand side by side and create contrast through their different surfaces and forms.

8 Spruce Street
8 Spruce Street

New York City, USA

8 Spruce Street is a residential tower in Lower Manhattan with a facade made of stainless steel panels folded into sweeping curves. As the sun moves across the sky, the surface shifts in tone and reflection, giving the building a different look at different times of day. This tower is one of Gehry's few residential projects and shows how his design approach, usually applied to museums and concert halls, can shape a building where people actually live. It stands near the Brooklyn Bridge and the financial district, rising above the surrounding rooftops.

Stata Center
Stata Center

Cambridge, USA

The Stata Center is an academic complex at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology characterized by irregular geometric forms and unconventional angles. Frank Gehry's architecture created spaces for the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems. The building combines research laboratories, offices, lecture halls, and common areas within an expressive structure of stainless steel, brick, and colored panels.

Puente de la Mujer
Puente de la Mujer

Buenos Aires, Argentina

The Puente de la Mujer is a pedestrian bridge in the Puerto Madero docklands of Buenos Aires. A 39-meter pylon tilts over the water, giving the bridge its angular silhouette. The central span rotates to let ships pass through. Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava completed the design in 2001. Like Gehry's buildings, this bridge shows how steel and geometry can shape the way people experience a public space.

Cinémathèque Française
Cinémathèque Française

Paris, France

The Cinémathèque Française occupies a cubic building with offset glass surfaces and metal elements designed by Frank Gehry. The institute contains several cinema rooms, extensive film archives and a specialized library dedicated to film history. The facade displays Gehry's characteristic deconstructivist architecture with geometric forms and contrasting materials.

Gehry Residence
Gehry Residence

Santa Monica, United States

The Gehry Residence in Santa Monica is where Frank Gehry first tested his ideas about deconstruction and raw materials in a home setting, starting in 1978. He wrapped an existing wood-frame house with corrugated aluminum panels, chain-link fencing and plywood sheets. The facade exposes the inner construction through tilted windows and irregular angles. Inside, the rooms follow fractured geometries with open sightlines and unexpected views.

New World Center
New World Center

Miami Beach, USA

The New World Center serves as an educational facility for the New World School of the Arts in Miami Beach, demonstrating Gehry's experimental building methods. Completed in 2011, the building features curved glass walls and open concert spaces. The exterior displays multiple glass surfaces that create transparency and reveal views of the surrounding urban landscape. Inside, performance halls, teaching studios, and recording facilities support music education and professional development.

Art Gallery of Ontario
Art Gallery of Ontario

Toronto, Canada

The Art Gallery of Ontario is Frank Gehry's hometown project. Gehry grew up in Toronto, and this connection makes the building feel personal in a way his other work does not. A long curved wood and glass facade runs along Dundas Street, drawing people in from the sidewalk. Inside, the galleries hold Canadian, African, contemporary and modern art, spread across spaces that feel open and easy to move through.

Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts
Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts

Annandale-on-Hudson, USA

The Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts sits on the Bard College campus and was completed in 2003. The building pairs steel and glass with red metal panels that create a sharp visual contrast. Inside, theater spaces, dance studios, and administrative offices serve the college community. The asymmetrical exterior shows how Gehry shapes performance venues through irregular geometry and layered materials.

Peter B. Lewis Building
Peter B. Lewis Building

Cleveland, USA

The Peter B. Lewis Building at Case Western Reserve University was completed in 2002 as an administrative and academic structure. Its facade of curved titanium and stainless steel panels with glass surfaces creates a dynamic form that reflects light differently throughout the day and seasons. The interior spaces include offices, classrooms, and gathering areas arranged around irregular floor plans.

IAC Building
IAC Building

New York City, USA

The IAC Building stands on the western waterfront of Manhattan and is one of Frank Gehry's few works in New York City. Its white stainless steel facade rises in curved, sail-like folds that shift in the light throughout the day. The surface gives the building a sculptural presence along the Hudson River. Inside, the building holds corporate offices and open media workspaces.

Biomuseo
Biomuseo

Panama City, Panama

The Biomuseo is Frank Gehry's only building in Latin America. Opened in 2014, this museum in Panama City shows a facade of colorful corrugated metal with curved forms and offset levels rising above a park on the Amador Causeway. Inside, fossils, animal specimens, and hands-on exhibits guide visitors through the story of Panama's tropical biodiversity. The Biomuseo shows how Gehry turns computer-generated designs into real spaces where architecture and the natural world come together.

Opus Hong Kong
Opus Hong Kong

Hong Kong, China

Opus Hong Kong is a residential and commercial tower completed in 2007, showcasing Frank Gehry's approach to curved metal and glass surfaces that create flowing forms. The facade combines different materials and colors that shift with changing light throughout the day. Inside, the building houses apartments, offices, and retail spaces arranged within an organic architectural form that defines its urban location.

Dr Chau Chak Wing Building
Dr Chau Chak Wing Building

Sydney, Australia

The Dr Chau Chak Wing Building is Frank Gehry's only building in Australia, sitting on the campus of the University of Technology Sydney. Completed in 2015, its facade is made of copper-colored aluminum and glass shaped into curved and angular forms. As the sun moves through the day, the outer walls shift in tone and shadow. Inside, the building holds classrooms, offices and shared spaces spread across several floors.

Gehry Tower
Gehry Tower

Hanover, Germany

Gehry Tower is a residential building in Hanover designed by Frank Gehry as part of an urban development project. The structure features curved metal elements and irregular geometric forms that define his approach to architecture. The exterior uses stainless steel and glass panels arranged across the facade. Inside, apartments offer views of the surrounding city, and the tower shows how computer-aided design transforms complex shapes into functional living spaces.

Maggie's Dundee
Maggie's Dundee

Dundee, United Kingdom

Maggie's Dundee is a cancer support center designed by Frank Gehry in 2003. It sits on the banks of the River Tay and shows the curved wood and metal forms that run through his work. The irregular roofline divides the interior into separate areas. People who come here find counseling and support in a building that feels open and welcoming.

Novartis Campus Gehry Building
Novartis Campus Gehry Building

Basel, Switzerland

The Novartis Campus Gehry Building in Basel represents Frank Gehry's approach to experimental building forms. Completed in 2009, this research facility features curved surfaces of white aluminum and stainless steel that create shifting shadows and light reflections throughout the day. Inside, the building contains laboratories, offices, and collaboration spaces where researchers work on pharmaceutical development. The structure shows how computer-aided design transforms complex geometries into functional spaces for scientific work.

Jay Pritzker Pavilion
Jay Pritzker Pavilion

Chicago, USA

The Jay Pritzker Pavilion is an outdoor concert shell in Chicago's Millennium Park, designed by Frank Gehry. Its curved stainless steel surfaces catch daylight and change in appearance as the light shifts through the day. The pavilion opens onto a large lawn where audiences sit or lie on the grass during open-air concerts. It is a central gathering point in the heart of the city.

BP Pedestrian Bridge
BP Pedestrian Bridge

Chicago, USA

The BP Pedestrian Bridge demonstrates Frank Gehry's design approach with curved metal surfaces that define contemporary urban spaces. This bridge connects two sections of Millennium Park and was completed in 2003. The structure features arched stainless steel surfaces spanning over the roadway. The reflective metal panels shift in appearance with changing light and weather, creating a dynamic visual experience for pedestrians crossing through the park.

Luma Tower
Luma Tower

Arles, France

The Luma Tower in Arles is one of Frank Gehry's most recognizable buildings in Europe. Its curved facade is clad in titanium panels that shift in appearance depending on the light and time of day. The tower rises above a former railway yard that has been transformed into a space for contemporary art. Inside, the building holds galleries where works from the Luma Foundation's collection are shown to visitors.

Pierre Boulez Saal
Pierre Boulez Saal

Berlin, Germany

The Pierre Boulez Saal is a concert hall in Berlin that embodies Frank Gehry's design language with curved metal facades and experimental construction methods. The building displays the architect's characteristic approach of irregular forms and modern materials. Inside, the hall provides space for orchestral performances and concerts. The structure demonstrates how digital planning translates complex geometric shapes into functional buildings.

Norton Beach House
Norton Beach House

Venice, Los Angeles, United States of America

The Norton Beach House in Venice, Los Angeles, demonstrates Frank Gehry's approach to residential architecture through unconventional forms and experimental building methods. The house fits into the collection of Gehry's works that employ curved metal cladding and irregular volumes to create new spatial experiences.

Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial
Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial

Washington, United States of America

The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial honors the American president and Supreme Commander of Allied Forces during World War II. Frank Gehry designed this memorial using large woven steel tapestries and open stone plazas along Independence Avenue in Washington. Like his other metal constructions, the memorial brings together industrial materials and open public space, inviting visitors to walk through and read the story of Eisenhower's life.

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

Bilbao, Spain

The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao sits on the banks of the Nervión River and was completed in 1997 to Frank Gehry's designs. Its curved exterior is covered in titanium panels that catch and shift the light throughout the day. The museum houses modern and contemporary art by international artists. Gehry combined organic forms with industrial materials here, and the building has deeply changed the face of Bilbao.

Before heading to a major Gehry site, check local construction schedules. Many of his buildings undergo regular maintenance work on their metal exteriors, which can affect views and access to certain areas.

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