New South Wales, Federated state in southeastern Australia.
This federated state stretches from the Pacific coast through the Great Dividing Range to interior plains, covering coastal cities, mountain regions, and farming areas. The landscape shifts between beaches, forests, valleys, and drier zones, while Sydney, the capital, sits on a wide natural harbor.
The territory became a British colony in 1788 when convict ships and settlers arrived on the eastern coast. During the 19th century, settlement pushed inland, and other regions later separated to form independent colonies.
Coastal communities and inland towns celebrate festivals, markets, and gatherings that reflect both European immigrant traditions and indigenous customs still practiced today. Many locations display public artworks, memorials, and meeting places that show ongoing respect for the cultures of First Nations people.
Trains, buses, and regional airports link the capital to smaller cities and rural areas through a wide transport network. Travelers should plan for distances, as many locations lie several hours apart.
The highest mountain on the Australian mainland lies here and reaches an elevation of 2228 meters (7310 feet) above sea level. Snow falls on its slopes during winter, which feels unexpected in a country often associated with heat and dry conditions.
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